Political Science – 323 Syllabus for Class 12
Politics in India Since Independence
- The Era of One-Party Dominance:
- First three general elections
- Nature of Congress dominance at the national level
- Uneven dominance at the state level
- Coalitional nature of Congress
- Major opposition parties
- Nation-Building and Its Problems:
- Nehru’s approach to nation-building
- Legacy of partition: The challenge of ‘refugee’ resettlement
- The Kashmir problem
- Organization and reorganization of states
- Political conflicts over language
- Politics of Planned Development:
- Five-year plans
- Expansion of state sector and the rise of new economic interests
- Famine and suspension of five-year plans
- Green Revolution and its political fallouts
- India’s External Relations:
- Nehru’s foreign policy
- Sino-Indian war of 1962
- Indo-Pak war of 1965 and 1971
- India’s nuclear programme and shifting alliances in world politics
- Challenge to and Restoration of Congress System:
- Political succession after Nehru
- Non-Congressism and electoral upset of 1967
- Congress split and reconstitution
- Congress’ victory in 1971 elections
- Politics of ‘garibi hatao’
- Crisis of the Constitutional Order:
- Search for ‘committed’ Bureaucracy and Judiciary
- Navnirman movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement
- Emergency: context, constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions, resistance to emergency
- 1977 elections and the formation of the Janata Party
- Rise of civil liberties organizations
- Regional Aspirations and Conflicts:
- Rise of regional parties
- Punjab crisis and the anti-Sikh riots of 1984
- The Kashmir situation
- Challenges and responses in the North East
- Rise of New Social Movements:
- Farmers’ movements
- Women’s movements
- Environment, and Development-affected people’s movements
- Implementation of Mandal Commission report and its aftermath
- Democratic Upsurge and Coalition Politics:
- Participatory upsurge in the 1990s
- Rise of the JD and the BJP
- The increasing role of regional parties and coalition politics
- UF and NDA governments
- Elections 2004 and UPA government
- Recent Issues and Challenges:
- Challenge of and responses to globalization
- New economic policy and its opposition
- Rise of OBCs in North Indian politics
- Dalit politics in the electoral and non-electoral arena
- Challenge of communalism: Ayodhya dispute, Gujarat riots
Contemporary World Politics
- Cold War Era in World Politics:
- Emergence of two power blocs after the Second World War
- Arenas of the Cold War
- Challenges to Bipolarity: Non-Aligned Movement, the quest for new international economic order
- India and the Cold War
- Disintegration of the ‘Second World’ and the Collapse of Bipolarity:
- New entities in world politics: Russia, Balkan states, and Central Asian states
- Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes
- India’s relations with Russia and other post-communist countries
- US Dominance in World Politics:
- Growth of unilateralism: Afghanistan, first Gulf War, response to 9/11 and attack on Iraq
- Dominance and challenge to the US in economy and ideology
- India’s renegotiation of its relationship with the USA
- Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power:
- Rise of China as an economic power in post-Mao Era
- Creation and expansion of European Union, ASEAN
- India’s changing relations with China
- South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era:
- Democratisation and its reversals in Pakistan and Nepal
- Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka
- Impact of economic globalization on the region
- Conflicts and efforts for peace in South Asia
- India’s relations with its neighbours
- International Organisations in a Unipolar World:
- Restructuring and the future of the UN
- India’s position in the restructured UN
- Rise of new international actors: new international economic organizations, NGOs
- How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global governance?
- Security in Contemporary World:
- Traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament
- Non-traditional or human security: global poverty, health, and education
- Issues of human rights and migration
- Environment and Natural Resources in Global Politics:
- Environment movement and evolution of global environmental norms
- Conflicts over traditional and common property resources
- Rights of Indigenous People
- India’s stand in global environmental debates
- Globalization and Its Critics:
- Economic, cultural and political manifestations
- Debates on the nature of consequences of globalization
- Anti-globalization movements
- India as an arena of globalization and struggles against it
Political Science – 323 Syllabus for Class 12
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