Environmental Studies – 307 Syllabus for Class 12

Environmental Studies – 307 Syllabus for Class 12

1. Human Beings and Nature

• Modern Schools of Ecological Thought
  • Deep Ecology vs. Shallow Ecology: Deep Ecology (Gary Snyder, Earth First) versus shallow ecology.
  • Stewardship of Land: (e.g., Wendell Berry).
  • Social Ecology: Marxist environmentalism and socialist ecology (Barry Commoner).
  • Feminism and Green Politics: Focus on environmental movements like feminism, Green politics in Germany and England.
  • Sustainable Development: Understanding sustainable development from a broader ecological and social perspective.
• Key Organizations
  • World Wide Fund for Nature: Mission and strategy for conservation.
  • Greenpeace: Mission, core values, objectives, and strategies.

2. Population and Conservation Ecology

• Population Dynamics
  • Factors Influencing Population Change: Birth, death, immigration, emigration, age structure, population pyramids, survivorship curves, r and K strategies.
• Human Populations
  • Malthusian Model and Demographic Transition: Overpopulation, shortage of resources, and questioning Malthus.
  • Population Regulation: Exponential growth curve (J-shaped) and Logistic growth curve (S-shaped), factors regulating population size (space, food, climate, etc.).
• Human Population Control
  • Family Planning and Women’s Empowerment: Strategies for population control with an emphasis on women’s empowerment.
• Ecosystem Threats
  • Causes and Consequences: Habitat destruction, genetic erosion, loss of diversity, waste, and increasing consumption.
• Conservation
  • In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation: Importance, types, and methods of conservation, with examples from wildlife sanctuaries, zoos, and biosphere reserves.
  • Conflicts in Forest Management: Issues concerning people living around forests, poaching, developmental projects, and the role of forest departments and NGOs.
• Case Study: Project Tiger: Origin, aims, objectives, successes, and failures in tiger conservation.

3. Monitoring Pollution

• Pollution Monitoring
  • Primary and Secondary Pollutants: Understanding the importance of monitoring air and water quality.
• Atmospheric Monitoring Techniques
  • Manual and Instrumental Monitoring: Techniques like Passive Samplers, High Volume Samplers, Photometric, and NDIR methods.
• Air Quality Standards
  • National and International Standards: NAAQM, WHO guidelines for air quality, and the role of pollution control boards.
• Water Testing
  • Indicators of Water Quality: Electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc.
• Soil Testing
  • Soil Indicators: Biological, physical, and chemical indicators for soil type and quality.

4. Third World Development

• Urban-Rural Divide
  • Push and Pull Factors: Causes of migration and the impact on rural and urban areas, with future trends.
• Critique of Conventional Development Models
  • Environmental, Social, and Equity Considerations: The negative impacts of development on resources, pollution, and the disparity in resource distribution.
• Gandhian Approach to Development
  • Principles of Local Self-governance: Antoday, Sarvoday, Panchayati Raj, and local self-sufficiency.
• Urban Environmental Planning
  • Problems of Sanitation, Water, Transport, and Energy: Constraints faced in third-world urban areas and indigenous solutions like rainwater harvesting, composting, etc.
• Examples of Urban Planning:
  • Bogota (Traffic Management)
  • Cuba (Urban Agriculture)
  • Curitiba (Urban Renewal)

5. Sustainable Agriculture

• Traditional Agriculture in India
  • Techniques and Systems: Irrigation, crop varieties, maintaining soil fertility, and the impact of colonialism on agriculture.
• Green Revolution
  • Techniques and Impacts: High Yielding Varieties (HYVs), fertilizers, and pesticides; ecological impacts and the need for sustainable practices.
• Sustainable Agriculture
  • Techniques: Crop rotation, integrated pest management, and organic farming.
• Food Security
  • Global and Local Issues: The importance of food security, with emphasis on sustainable agricultural practices and land reform.

6. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics

• Natural Resources
  • Classification: Renewable and non-renewable resources, scarcity, and natural resource accounting.
• Economic Indicators
  • GNP vs. Other Forms of Measuring Income: Definitions and comparisons of GNP, GDP, and their role in assessing growth and sustainability.

Additional Notes

• Monitoring Tools: Techniques and strategies for monitoring pollution levels, air and water quality.
• Practical Applications: Fieldwork and lab-based methods for better understanding soil and water quality indicators.

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Environmental Studies (Class 12) Syllabus Breakdown

1. Introduction to Environmental Studies

• Basic concepts of environmental studies and their significance.
• Interactions between environment and society.
• Types of resources: renewable and non-renewable.

2. Ecosystems

• Understanding ecosystems: structure, function, energy flow, and types of ecosystems (forest, grassland, aquatic, etc.).
• Food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.
• Importance of biodiversity in ecosystems.

3. Natural Resources

• Types of natural resources: land, water, soil, minerals, and energy resources.
• Resource conservation techniques and sustainable development.
• Renewable energy resources: solar, wind, and biomass.

4. Biodiversity and Conservation

• Importance of biodiversity: ecosystem stability and human survival.
• Threats to biodiversity: habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, etc.
• Conservation strategies and national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.

5. Environmental Pollution

• Types of pollution: air, water, soil, noise, and light pollution.
• Causes, effects, and control measures of pollution.
• Environmental impact assessment and sustainable industrial practices.

6. Social Issues and the Environment

• Environmental problems at local, national, and global levels.
• Human rights, women, and the environment.
• Role of government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in environmental protection.

7. Sustainable Development and Environmental Laws

• Concepts of sustainable development and its goals.
• Importance of environmental legislation and policies.
• International efforts for environmental protection: Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, etc.

8. Fieldwork/Practical Studies

• Environmental surveys, waste management, and studying local ecosystems.
• Projects related to environmental issues: conservation, pollution control, etc.

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