ECONOMICS / BUSINESS ECONOMICS-309 Syllabus for Class 12

Unit I: Introduction to Microeconomics

  • What is microeconomics?
  • Central problems of an economy

Unit II: Consumer Behaviour and Demand

  • Consumer’s Equilibrium: Meaning and attainment of equilibrium through Utility Approach; One and two commodity cases.
  • Demand:
    • Market demand
    • Determinants of demand
    • Demand schedule
    • Demand curve
    • Movement along and shifts in the demand curve
    • Price elasticity of demand
    • Measurement of price elasticity of demand through:
      • Percentage method
      • Total expenditure method
      • Geometric method

Unit III: National Income and Related Aggregates – Basic Concepts and Measurement

  • Macroeconomics: Meaning
  • Circular flow of income: Concepts of GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP (at market price and factor cost)
  • Measurement of National Income:
    • Value Added method
    • Income method
    • Expenditure method

Unit IV: Determination of Income and Employment

  • Aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and their components
  • Propensity to consume and propensity to save:
    • Average and marginal
  • Meaning of involuntary unemployment and full employment
  • Determination of income and employment: Two-sector model
  • Concept of investment multiplier and its working
  • Problems of excess and deficient demand
    • Measures to correct excess and deficient demand
      • Availability of credit
      • Change in government spending

Unit V: Money and Banking

  • Money: Meaning, evolution, and functions
  • Central Bank: Meaning and functions
  • Commercial banks: Meaning and functions

Unit VI: Government Budget and the Economy

  • Government Budget: Meaning and its components
  • Objectives of government budget
  • Classification of receipts:
    • Revenue and capital
  • Classification of expenditure:
    • Revenue and capital
    • Plan and non-plan
    • Developmental and non-developmental
  • Balanced budget, surplus budget, and deficit budget: Meaning and implications
  • Revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit: Meaning and implications
    • Measures to contain different deficits

Unit VII: Balance of Payments

  • Foreign exchange rate: Meaning (fixed and flexible), merits, and demerits; determination through demand and supply
  • Balance of payments accounts: Meaning and components
  • A brief analysis of recent exchange rate issues

INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Unit VIII: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991

  • A brief introduction to the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence
  • Indian economic system and common goals of Five-year Plans
  • Main features, problems, and policies of agriculture:
    • Institutional aspects
    • New agricultural strategy
  • Main features, problems, and policies of industry:
    • Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1956
    • Role and importance of Small Scale Industries (SSI)
  • Main features, problems, and policies of foreign trade

Unit IX: Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy

  • Poverty: Absolute and relative poverty
    • Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment
  • Human Capital Formation: How people become resources
    • Role of human capital in economic development
  • Rural Development: Key issues
    • Credit and marketing
    • Role of cooperatives
    • Agricultural diversification
  • Employment: Growth and changes in workforce participation rate in formal and informal sectors
    • Problems and policies
  • Infrastructure: Meaning and types
    • Case Studies:
      • Health: Problems and policies – A critical assessment
  • Sustainable Economic Development:
    • Meaning
    • Effects of economic development on resources and the environment, including global warming

Unit X: Development Experience in India

  • A comparison with neighbours:
    • India and Pakistan
    • India and China
  • Issues: Economic growth, population, sectoral development, and other Human Development Indicators

 

Looking to achieve top results in CUET UG 2025 and gain admission to prestigious universities like Delhi University (DU), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), and more? At our leading CUET coaching center in Jaipur, we offer a fully structured CUET UG 2025 Course with both CUET Online Coaching and in-person options to suit your study preferences. Our comprehensive curriculum covers everything you need to excel, including the CUET UG 2025 syllabus, exam pattern, and essential practice through CUET UG 2025 subject-wise MCQs and practice sets. Stay ahead with our CUET UG 2025 Crash Course, Foundation Course, and a thorough CUET UG 2025 Test Series to solidify your preparation. We also guide you through the CUET UG 2025 Application Form, exam dates, and admission process with personalized support for each step. Join the best CUET coaching in Jaipur to start your journey towards CUET success with Himalaya EduHub today! Visit CUET UG 2025 Course Information to learn more.