AGRICULTURE (302) Syllabus for Class 12

Unit-1: Agrometeorology, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Biochemistry and Microbiology

  • Agrometeorology: Elements of Weather – rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind velocity, sunshine; weather forecasting; climate change in relation to crop production.
  • Genetics & Plant Breeding:
    • (a) Cell and its structure; cell division – mitosis and meiosis and their significance.
    • (b) Organization of the genetic materials in chromosomes, DNA, and RNA.
    • (c) Mendel’s laws of inheritance, reasons for the success of Mendel’s experiments, and absence of linkage in Mendel’s experiments.
    • (d) Quantitative inheritance; continuous and discontinuous variation in plants.
    • (e) Monogenic and polygenic inheritance.
    • (f) Role of Genetics in Plant Breeding; self and cross-pollinated crops; methods of breeding in field crops – introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation and polyploidy, tissue, and cell culture.
    • (g) Plant Biotechnology – definition and scope in crop production.
  • Biochemistry: pH and buffers; classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and enzymes.
  • Microbiology: Microbial cell structure; micro-organisms – Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, and Viruses; role of micro-organisms in respiration, fermentation, and organic matter decomposition.

Unit-2: Livestock Production

  • Scope and Importance:
    • (a) Importance of livestock in agriculture and industry; White revolution in India.
    • (b) Important breeds (Indian and exotic); distribution of cows, buffaloes, and poultry in India.
  • Care and Management:
    • (a) Systems of cattle and poultry housing.
    • (b) Principles of feeding and feeding practices.
    • (c) Balanced ration – definition and ingredients.
    • (d) Management of calves, bullocks, pregnant and milch animals, chicks, cockerels, layers, and poultry.
    • (e) Signs of sick animals, symptoms of common diseases in cattle and poultry – Rinderpest, black quarter, foot and mouth, mastitis, haemorrhagic septicaemia, coccidiosis, fowl pox, and Ranikhet disease; their prevention and control.
  • Artificial Insemination: Reproductive organs; collection, dilution, preservation of semen, and artificial insemination; role of artificial insemination in cattle improvement.
  • Livestock Products: Processing and marketing of milk and milk products.

Unit-3: Crop Production

  • Introduction:
    • (a) Targets and achievements in food grain production in India since independence and future projections; sustainable crop production; commercialization of agriculture and its scope in India.
    • (b) Classification of field crops based on their utility – cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibre, sugar, and forage crops.
  • Soil, Soil Fertility, Fertilizers, and Manures:
    • (a) Soil – soil pH, soil texture, soil structure, soil organisms, soil tilth, soil fertility, and soil health.
    • (b) Essential plant nutrients, their functions, and deficiency symptoms.
    • (c) Soil types of India and their characteristics.
    • (d) Organic manure, common fertilizers (straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures, and biofertilizers); integrated nutrient management system.
  • Irrigation and Drainage:
    • (a) Sources of irrigation – rain, canals, tanks, rivers, wells, tube wells.
    • (b) Scheduling of irrigation based on critical stages of growth, time interval, soil moisture content, and weather parameters.
    • (c) Water requirement of crops.
    • (d) Methods of irrigation and drainage.
    • (e) Watershed management.
  • Weed Control: Principles of weed control; methods of weed control – cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological, and integrated weed management.
  • Crops: Seedbed preparation; seed treatment; time and method of sowing/planting; seed rate; dose, method, and time of fertilizer application; irrigation; intercultural and weed control; common pests and diseases (caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes) and their control; integrated pest management; harvesting, threshing, post-harvest technology (storage, processing, and marketing) of major field crops – rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, mustard, pigeon pea, gram, sugarcane, cotton, and berseem.

Unit-4: Horticulture

  • (a) Importance of fruits and vegetables in the human diet; crop diversification and processing industry.
  • (b) Orchard – location and layout; ornamental gardening and kitchen garden.
  • (c) Planting system, training, pruning, intercropping; protection from frost and sunburn.
  • (d) Trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, and perennials – definition and examples; propagation by seed, cutting, budding, layering, and grafting.
  • (e) Cultivation practices, processing, and marketing of:
    • (i) Fruits – mango, papaya, banana, guava, citrus, grapes.
    • (ii) Vegetables – radish, carrot, potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, tomato, spinach, cabbage.
    • (iii) Flowers – gladiolus, canna, chrysanthemums, roses, and marigold.
  • (f) Principles and methods of fruit and vegetable preservation.
  • (g) Preparation of jellies, jams, ketchup, chips, and their packing.

Note:
There will be one question paper with 50 questions, out of which 40 questions need to be attempted.

AGRICULTURE (302) Syllabus for Class 12

 

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